Name six dangerous chemicals found in tobacco smoke. Tar, cyanide, formaldehyde, lead, vinyl chloride, and carbon monoxide. Identify four carcinogens found in smokeless and other forms of tobacco. Cyanide, formaldehyde, lead, vinyl chloride. State the reasons why herbal cigarettes are not a. There is no safe form of tobacco. At least 28 chemicals in smokeless tobacco have been found to cause cancer.The most harmful chemicals in smokeless tobacco are tobacco-specific nitrosamines, which are formed during the growing, curing, fermenting, and aging of tobacco.The level of tobacco-specific nitrosamines varies by product. It's also important to note that most of these ingredients can also be found in other tobacco products, such as chewing tobacco, snuff, pipe tobacco, cigars, and others. In this article, we will highlight those which are most controversial and cause the most harm to your body. List of Carcinogenic Compounds in Cigarette Smoke. 'What we found is that using e-cigarettes alone results in very low exposure to toxins and carcinogens,' said Shahab. Had very low levels of some of the worst carcinogens found in tobacco.
Lung cancer is still the leading cause of death in both men and women around the world, killing more than one million people every year. Extensive epidemiological data clearly links cigarette smoking with lung cancer, mostly due to the presence of cancer-causing chemicals called carcinogens that are present in present in cigarette smoke.
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Cigarette smoke is a complex, reactive and dynamic mixture containing approximately five thousand chemicals, which arguably makes it the most important source of toxic chemical exposure in humans. A large amount of studies on carcinogenesis caused by cigarette smoke and its constituents give a firm base for understanding the underlying mechanisms of lung carcinogenesis in humans.
Carcinogenic constituents of cigarette smoke
The mainstream smoke that emerges from the cigarette mouthpiece is an aerosol with approximately 1010 particles per mL. About 95% of the total smoke content is made up of gases (also known as vapor phase); principally oxygen, nitrogen and carbon dioxide. The particulate phase is quite rich and contains at least 4000 various compounds, most of which are hazardous carcinogens.
Among such diversity in tobacco smoke, there are more than sixty identified carcinogens. For 20 of them there is convincing evidence of their causative role for lung cancer formation in laboratory animals and/or humans. Of these, the major players are likely aromatic polycyclic hydrocarbons and tobacco-specific nitrosamine 4-(N-nitrosomethylamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone.
Cigarette smoke can also be viewed as a tumor promoter. Most of its activity seems to stem from uncharacterized, weakly acidic compounds. For example, catechol is one of the most salient co-carcinogens found in cigarette smoke, but it also includes methylcatechols, undecane, decane, fluoranthene, pyrogallol, pyrene and benzopyrene.
In addition, cigarette smoke harbors high levels of acrolein, a recognized toxic compound to the pulmonary cilia, as well as other agents (such as acetaldehyde, formaldehyde and nitrogen oxides) that could indirectly contribute to the mechanism of pulmonary carcinogenicity.
While individual contributions of aforementioned carcinogens may never be known due to the complexity of the system, there is little doubt that their removal from cigarette smoke (if that was even a possibility) would substantially decrease the negative consequences of inhalation.
What Are 4 Carcinogens Found In Tobacco Poisoning
How Carcinogens in Cigarette Smoke Cause Lung Cancer
The carcinogens in cigarette smoke that are inhaled can be metabolically activated (most notably by cytochrome P450 enzymes in the liver) to intermediate compounds that covalently or (sometimes) directly bind to DNA. The resulting DNA adducts are key to chemical carcinogenesis since they can result in miscoding and permanent mutations.
If such mutations are seen in critical regions of important growth control genes, the end-result may be the loss of normal cellular growth control mechanisms, genomic instability, as well as cancer in the long run. This is supported by a substantial body of evidence that demonstrates higher levels of DNA adduct levels in smokers when compared to the individuals that do not smoke.
Carcinogens Found In Tobacco
Furthermore, nicotine and tobacco-specific nitrosamines are known to bind to nicotinic and other cellular receptors, which results in protein kinase B activation and other changes. This then leads to decreased apoptosis (i.e.programmed cell death), increased transformation and increased growth of small blood vessels. Although nicotine per se is not carcinogenic, it may prompt carcinogenicity in ways that are still not completely elucidated.
Cigarette smoke also contains tumor promoting factions and inflammatory agents, and activates cyclooxygenase-2 and epidermal growth factor receptor. Many studies have demonstrated the co-carcinogenic effects of catechol, which is an important constituent of cigarette smoke. L r locks for flintlocks t/c. Finally, inflammation inherent to smoking is linked to tumor promotion and cancer development.
Since the risk for lung cancer (but also other tobacco smoke-related diseases) appears to be dose-dependent, the concentration reduction of the most important carcinogens in cigarette smoke may lower the risk of tobacco smoking. And although there are still a handful of unresolved issues, the current state of knowledge enables us to construct reasonable and testable hypotheses addressing the susceptibility of individual smokers to lung cancer induced by tobacco.
Sources
- Hecht SS. Tobacco Smoke Carcinogens and Lung Cancer. In: Penning TM. Chemical Carcinogenesis. Springer Science & Business Media, 2011; pp. 53-74.
- https://academic.oup.com/jnci/article/91/14/1194/2549271
- www.cancer.org/…/carcinogens-found-in-tobacco-products.html
- https://www.nature.com/articles/1205803
- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3084482/
- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20361554
- https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1535610803002228
Further Reading
- All Lung Cancer Content
- Lung Cancer
- Lung Cancer Causes
- Lung Cancer Symptoms
- Lung Cancer Diagnosis
Last Updated: Jan 30, 2019
Written by
What Are 4 Carcinogens Found In Tobacco Oil
Dr. Tomislav Meštrović
What Are Carcinogens Definition
Dr. Tomislav Meštrović is a medical doctor (MD) with a Ph.D. in biomedical and health sciences, specialist in the field of clinical microbiology, and an Assistant Professor at Croatia's youngest university – University North. In addition to his interest in clinical, research and lecturing activities, his immense passion for medical writing and scientific communication goes back to his student days. He enjoys contributing back to the community. In his spare time, Tomislav is a movie buff and an avid traveler.
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